{"id":159704,"date":"2021-12-03T10:27:55","date_gmt":"2021-12-03T08:27:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.btv.md\/?p=159704"},"modified":"2021-12-03T10:27:55","modified_gmt":"2021-12-03T08:27:55","slug":"cum-a-fost-descoperita-varianta-omicron-de-oamenii-de-stiinta-din-africa-de-sud","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.btv.md\/ro\/cum-a-fost-descoperita-varianta-omicron-de-oamenii-de-stiinta-din-africa-de-sud\/","title":{"rendered":"Cum a fost descoperit\u0103 varianta \u201eOmicron\u201d de oamenii de \u0219tiin\u021b\u0103 din Africa de Sud"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00cen esen\u021b\u0103, lipsea o gen\u0103 din ceea ce ar fi reprezentat un profil normal al genomului virusului SARS-CoV-2. Testele RT-PCR nu au detectat una dintre \u021bintele cercetate, iar oamenii de \u0219tiin\u021b\u0103 \u0219i-au dat seama c\u0103 virusul care a generat pandemia de COVID-19 s-a schimbat, noteaz\u0103 CNN, transmite digi24.ro<\/a>.<\/strong><\/p>\n

La doar c\u00e2teva zile mai t\u00e2rziu, acela\u0219i fenomen a fost raportat la Departamentul de Patologie Molecular\u0103 al celor de la Lancet din Johannesburg. Dr. Allison Glass, patolog \u00een cadrul institu\u021biei, a spus c\u0103 descoperirea a coincis cu o cre\u0219tere a cazurilor testate pozitiv cu COVID-19 \u00een anumite p\u0103r\u021bi ale Africii de Sud.<\/p>\n

\u00cen provincia Gauteng, care include ora\u0219ul Johannesburg, mai pu\u021bin de 1% dintre oameni au fost testa\u021bi pozitiv la \u00eenceputul lunii noiembrie. \u00cens\u0103 num\u0103rul cazurilor a ajuns la un procent de 6% \u00een decurs de doar dou\u0103 s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2ni \u0219i la 16% p\u00e2n\u0103 miercuri, pe 1 decembrie, la aproximativ o lun\u0103 distan\u021b\u0103 de la depistarea Omicron.<\/p>\n

\u201eDescoperirea a st\u00e2rnit \u00eengrijor\u0103ri cu privire la faptul c\u0103 suntem \u00een fa\u021ba unei noi cre\u0219teri a cazurilor\u201d<\/em>, le-a declarat Glass jurnali\u0219tilor de la CNN.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\"prima<\/p>\n

Trei s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2ni mai t\u00e2rziu, ceea ce oamenii de \u0219tiin\u021b\u0103 din Africa de Sud au descoperit, urma s\u0103 fie cunoscut \u00een \u00eentreaga lume ca varianta Omicron a coronavirusului descoperit \u00een Wuhan la sf\u00e2r\u0219itul lui 2019.<\/p>\n

Cre\u0219terea num\u0103rului de cazuri din Gauteng a st\u00e2rnit \u00eengrijor\u0103ri \u0219i la Network for Genomics Surveillance in South Africa (NGS-SA), iar directorul acestei institu\u021bii, Tulio de Oliveira, a convocat o \u00eent\u00e2lnire pe data de 23 noiembrie pentru a dezbate aceast\u0103 situa\u021bie.<\/p>\n

\u201eAm auzit de la un membru al re\u021belei noastre c\u0103 un laborator privat, Lancet Laboratories, a trimis \u0219ase genomuri ale unui virus cu foarte multe muta\u021bii. \u0218i, c\u00e2nd ne-am uitat la genom, am devenit destul de \u00eengrijora\u021bi\u201d<\/em>, a declarat ulterior acesta.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Tulio de Oliveira a observat apoi c\u0103 \u00een mai pu\u021bin de dou\u0103 s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2ni, noua variant\u0103 domina toate infec\u021biile cu COVID-19 din Africa de Sud.<\/p>\n

Originea Omicron este un mister<\/b><\/p>\n

Nu se \u0219tie \u00eenc\u0103 unde \u0219i c\u00e2nd a ap\u0103rut pentru prima dat\u0103 tulpina Omicron. Nu exist\u0103 un \u201ePacient Zero\u201d identificabil, adic\u0103 o prim\u0103 persoan\u0103 despre care se \u0219tie c\u0103 a fost infectat\u0103 cu aceast\u0103 nou\u0103 variant\u0103.<\/p>\n

\u201eNu putem s\u0103 evalu\u0103m de unde provine Omicron\u201d<\/em>, a transmis directorul Centrului African pentru Controlul \u0219i Prevenirea Bolilor, John Nkengasong, pe 30 noiembrie.<\/p>\n

\u201ePrimele cazuri au fost recunoscute \u0219i identificate \u00een Botswana \u0219i, ulterior, \u00een Africa de Sud\u201d, a mai spus John Nkengasong, subliniind \u00eens\u0103 c\u0103 \u201eidentificarea \u00eentr-un loc a unui virus, a unei noi tulpini sau a unei noi variante nu \u00eenseamn\u0103 neap\u0103rat c\u0103 a venit de acolo\u201d.<\/em><\/p>\n

\u201eApari\u021bia Omicron ar putea fi o consecin\u021b\u0103 a unui focar de infec\u021bii care a ap\u0103rut probabil \u00een unele p\u0103r\u021bi\u00a0din Africa Subsaharian\u0103, unde nu se desf\u0103\u0219oar\u0103 o supraveghere genomic\u0103 foarte atent\u0103, iar rata de vaccinare este sc\u0103zut\u0103\u201d<\/em>, a precizat Michael Head, cercet\u0103tor \u00een s\u0103n\u0103tatea global\u0103 la Universitatea din Southampton.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

La r\u00e2ndul s\u0103u, Trevor Bedford, cercet\u0103tor \u00een cadrul Departamentului de Epidemiologie la Universitatea din Washington, a declarat c\u0103, pe baza analizei genomice din Botswana \u0219i Africa de Sud, \u201evarianta Omicron a ap\u0103rut probabil mult mai devreme dec\u00e2t atunci c\u00e2nd a fost descoperit\u0103, cel mai probabil la \u00eenceputul lunii octombrie\u201d.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Kristian G. Andersen, virolog la Laboratorul Andersen din California, a avut o opinie similar\u0103, scriind pe twitter c\u0103 \u201eputem estima c\u0103, pe baza diversit\u0103\u021bii genomurilor prelevate, majoritatea estim\u0103rilor ne arat\u0103 c\u0103 Omicron este relativ t\u00e2n\u0103r\u201d.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

De ce acumuleaz\u0103 virusul muta\u021bii \u0219i cum s-ar fi dezvoltat varianta Omicron<\/b><\/p>\n

Pe parcursul infec\u021biei, virusul trebuie s\u0103 fac\u0103 miliarde \u0219i miliarde de copii ale codului s\u0103u genetic. Uneori, \u00een procesul de replicare apar \u0219i erori iar unele \u201elitere\u201d sunt \u201ecopiate\u201d gre\u0219it. SARS-CoV-2 are mecanisme pentru a corecta majoritatea erorilor de copiere, dar nici aceste mecanisme nu pot func\u021biona perfect, iar unele muta\u021bii mai scap\u0103, potrivit The New York Times.<\/p>\n

Majoritatea muta\u021biilor au un efect minor sau inexistent asupra biologiei virusului \u0219i nu prezint\u0103 dec\u00e2t interes epidemiologic. Dar dac\u0103 aceste muta\u021bii ap\u0103rute \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103tor, \u00eei ofer\u0103 virusului un avantaj, care s-ar putea traduce prin transmisibilitate mai mare \u0219i capacitatea de a \u201eocoli\u201d o parte din mecanismele de protec\u021bie ale organismului atunci c\u00e2nd ele sunt selectate.<\/p>\n

\u00cen general, muta\u021biile se acumuleaz\u0103 una c\u00e2te una \u0219i pot fi urm\u0103rite pe multiple genera\u021bii virale p\u00e2n\u0103 la apari\u021bia unei variante dominante. Oamenii de \u0219tiin\u021b\u0103 care lucreaz\u0103 \u00een epidemiologie molecular\u0103 alc\u0103tuiesc arbori filogenetici prin care urm\u0103resc gradul de \u201e\u00eenrudire\u201d dintre virusurile din diferite probe secven\u021biate (similari arborilor genealogici prin care oamenii \u00ee\u0219i traseaz\u0103 leg\u0103turile de familie).<\/p>\n

La Omicron \u0219i la unele variante virale anterioare lipsesc mai multe genera\u021bii de leg\u0103tur\u0103. Teoriile principale \u00een momentul de fa\u021b\u0103 sunt c\u0103:<\/strong><\/p>\n

– Tulpinile virale din aceste genera\u021bii de leg\u0103tur\u0103 ar fi putut circula pentru mai mult timp \u00een zone cu capacitate insuficient\u0103 de secven\u021biere pentru a le detecta, acumul\u00e2nd muta\u021bii;<\/p>\n

– Virusul a evoluat \u00eentr-o gazd\u0103 care nu a putut elimina infec\u021bia pentru o perioad\u0103 mai mare de timp (luni de zile), suficient pentru a acumula toate muta\u021biile observate \u00eenainte de a se transmite mai departe.<\/p>\n

Este dificil de spus \u00een momentul de fa\u021b\u0103 dac\u0103 varianta Omicron produce forme mai u\u0219oare sau mai severe de COVID-19 din cauza num\u0103rului mic de cazuri \u00eenregistrate \u0219i a timpului scurt de c\u00e2nd aceasta a fost descoperit\u0103.<\/p>\n

De la infec\u021bie la dezvoltarea unei forme severe a bolii dureaz\u0103, \u00een general, peste o s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2n\u0103 iar majoritatea cazurilor identificate p\u00e2n\u0103 acum sunt la persoane tinere cu risc mai mic de evolu\u021bie sever\u0103 a COVID-19. \u00cens\u0103, scrie The Guardian, toate variantele SARS-CoV-2 de p\u00e2n\u0103 acum au fost asociate cu un risc semnificativ de evolu\u021bie sever\u0103 a bolii.<\/p>\n

C\u0103l\u0103toriile sunt calea cea mai u\u0219oar\u0103 prin care se transmite Omicron\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n

Cre\u0219terea num\u0103rului de infec\u021bii la \u00eenceputul lunii noiembrie ar fi putut preg\u0103ti terenul pentru numeroasele cazuri de Omicon care sunt acum identificate \u00een alte p\u0103r\u021bi ale lumii. Majoritatea cazurilor interna\u021bionale urm\u0103rite de CNN p\u00e2n\u0103 la sf\u00e2r\u0219itul lunii noiembrie au implicat persoane care au c\u0103l\u0103torit din sau prin Africa de Sud sau din sau prin Mozambic, Malawi, Botswana \u0219i Namibia.<\/p>\n

Spre exemplu, pe 11 noiembrie, patru str\u0103ini care au p\u0103r\u0103sit Botswana au fost testa\u021bi pozitiv pentru coronavirus. Pe 24 noiembrie, ace\u0219tia au fost informa\u021bi de Ministerul S\u0103n\u0103t\u0103\u021bii din Botswana c\u0103 sunt infecta\u021bi cu varianta Omicron.<\/p>\n

Tot pe 11 noiembrie, un b\u0103rbat de 36 de ani din Hong Kong a ajuns acas\u0103 dup\u0103 o c\u0103l\u0103torie de 20 de zile \u00een Africa de Sud. Acesta a trecut \u0219i prin Qatar. Dou\u0103 zile mai t\u00e2rziu, \u00een timp ce se afla \u00een carantin\u0103, a fost testat pozitiv cu COVID-19. Secven\u021bierea genomului a confirmat c\u0103 este vorba de varianta Omicron.<\/p>\n

De asemenea, CNN a analizat datele disponibile public p\u00e2n\u0103 acum \u0219i a descoperit c\u0103 aproximativ 90% dintre infec\u021biile cu Omicron \u00eenregistrate p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een prezent \u00een Europa au implicat persoane care au c\u0103l\u0103torit prin sau dinspre Africa de Sud.<\/p>\n

Cu toate acestea, secven\u021bierea este \u00een multe \u021b\u0103ri destul de limitat\u0103. Doar un procent foarte mic dintre testele COVID sunt supuse secven\u021bierii, un proces care dureaz\u0103 mai mult dec\u00e2t un simplu test.<\/p>\n

Nu toate indiciile despre originea Omicron duc spre sudul Africii<\/b><\/p>\n

\u00cen timp ce unele dintre persoanele care au c\u0103l\u0103torit \u00een sudul Africii au purtat cu siguran\u021b\u0103 varianta p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een locul \u00een care s-au \u00eentors, exist\u0103 \u0219i situa\u021bii diferite. Una dintre acestea implic\u0103 o femeie din Belgia, care a c\u0103l\u0103torit \u00een Egipt prin Turcia. Aceasta a ajuns acas\u0103 pe 11 noiembrie \u0219i a fost testat\u0103 pozitiv cu Omicron abia 10 zile mai t\u00e2rziu.<\/p>\n

Totodat\u0103, mai multe cazuri confirmate \u00een Canada au fost asociate c\u0103l\u0103toriilor \u00een Nigeria. Pe 1 Decembrie, a fost identificat un caz de Omicron \u00een Arabia Saudit\u0103 la un cet\u0103\u021bean care c\u0103l\u0103torise \u00een nordul Africii. La r\u00e2ndul s\u0103u, un medic israelian a fost testat pozitiv cu Omicron c\u00e2nd a ajuns acas\u0103 de la o conferin\u021b\u0103 la care a participat la Londra. Acesta nu a c\u0103l\u0103torit recent \u00een Africa de Sud.<\/p>\n

\u00cen Sco\u021bia, niciunul dintre cele nou\u0103 cazuri de Omicron raportate pe 30 noiembrie nu aveau un istoric de c\u0103l\u0103torie. \u00cen schimb, toate persoanele participaser\u0103 la un eveniment comun \u00een 20 noiembrie.<\/p>\n

Prim-ministrul sco\u021bian Nicola Sturgeon a spus c\u0103 \u201elipsa informa\u021biilor privind posibilele c\u0103l\u0103torii \u00een str\u0103in\u0103tate asociat\u0103 cu aceste cazuri sugereaz\u0103 c\u0103 exist\u0103 o transmisie comunitar\u0103 a Omicron \u00een Sco\u021bia.\u201d<\/p>\n

Aceasta a mai subliniat c\u0103 este pu\u021bin probabil ca aceste cazuri s\u0103 fie rezultatul interac\u021biunii directe de la conferin\u021ba COP26 privind schimb\u0103rile climatice, care a avut loc la Glasgow \u00een perioada 31 octombrie – 12 noiembrie.<\/p>\n

Devine clar c\u0103, oricum ar fi ajuns \u00een Europa, Omicron a fost prezent pe continent o mare parte din luna noiembrie. \u00cen Olanda, institutul de s\u0103n\u0103tate RIVM a declarat c\u0103 a detectat Omicron \u00een mostre care dateaz\u0103 din 19 \u0219i 23 noiembrie.<\/p>\n

Acestea au fost reperate cu mai mult de o s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2n\u0103 \u00eenainte ca pasagerii unui zbor KLM care sosea din Johannesburg s\u0103 fie identifica\u021bi ca fiind primele cazuri cunoscute de Omicron din \u021a\u0103rile de Jos.<\/p>\n

\u201eNu este \u00eenc\u0103 clar dac\u0103 persoanele \u00een cauz\u0103, cele ale c\u0103ror mostre datau din perioada 19 – 23 noiembrie, au fost \u0219i \u00een Africa de Sud\u201d<\/em>, a informat mar\u021bi RIVM.<\/p>\n

Speciali\u0219tii spun c\u0103 mai sunt multe informa\u021bii de descoperit despre noua variant\u0103 de coronavirus denumit\u0103 \u201eOmicron\u201d, iar \u00een urm\u0103toarele luni trebuie s\u0103 se fac\u0103 eforturi pentru a se g\u0103si r\u0103spunsuri la \u00eentreb\u0103ri precum:<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

– C\u00e2t de repede se poate r\u0103sp\u00e2ndi Omicron?<\/p>\n

– Poate evita sau anula r\u0103spunsul imunitar generat de vaccinurile existente \u00eempotriva COVID-19?<\/p>\n

– Va avea ca rezultat doar simptome u\u0219oare pentru majoritatea celor infecta\u021bi?<\/p>\n

Deocamdat\u0103, varianta \u201eDelta\u201d r\u0103m\u00e2ne tulpina dominant\u0103, reprezent\u00e2nd 99,8% din secven\u021bierile globale \u00eenc\u0103rcate \u00een baza de date GISAID, potrivit celui mai recent buletin informativ al OMS.<\/p>\n

\u00cens\u0103, acest buletin noteaz\u0103, de asemenea, c\u0103 \u201eAfrica de Sud, unde Omicron a fost detectat pentru prima dat\u0103, a cunoscut recent o cre\u0219tere brusc\u0103 a num\u0103rului de cazuri \u00een mai multe provincii, care coincide cu detectarea variantei Omicron\u201d.<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00cen ultimele dou\u0103 s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2ni, Africa de Sud a trecut de la o medie s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2nal\u0103 de 290 de cazuri pe zi la aproape 3.800 de cazuri zilnice. Miercuri, autorit\u0103\u021bile au raportat 8.561 de cazuri noi la nivel na\u021bional. Autorit\u0103\u021bile au spus c\u0103 trei sferturi din testele pozitive din provincia Gauteng sunt asociate variantei Omicron.<\/em><\/p>\n

Directorul general al OMS, Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, a spus s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2na aceasta c\u0103 \u201eavem \u00eenc\u0103 mai multe \u00eentreb\u0103ri dec\u00e2t r\u0103spunsuri despre efectul Omicron asupra transmiterii, severitatea bolii \u0219i eficacitatea testelor, terapiilor \u0219i vaccinurilor\u201d.<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

P\u00e2n\u0103 c\u00e2nd se vor g\u0103si r\u0103spunsuri, lumea se confrunt\u0103 cu o nou\u0103 variant\u0103 a coronavirusului, care s-a r\u0103sp\u00e2ndit deja \u00een aproape treizeci de \u021b\u0103ri de pe patru continente.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00cen esen\u021b\u0103, lipsea o gen\u0103 din ceea ce ar fi reprezentat un profil normal al genomului virusului SARS-CoV-2. Testele RT-PCR nu au detectat una dintre \u021bintele cercetate, iar oamenii de \u0219tiin\u021b\u0103 \u0219i-au dat seama c\u0103 virusul care a generat pandemia de COVID-19 s-a schimbat, noteaz\u0103 CNN, transmite digi24.ro. La doar c\u00e2teva zile mai t\u00e2rziu, acela\u0219i […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":159705,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6349],"tags":[31669,33212,35387,35388,35390,35386,35389,34991],"class_list":["post-159704","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-social","tag-a-fost","tag-cum","tag-de-oamenii","tag-de-stiinta","tag-de-sud","tag-descoperita-varianta","tag-din-africa","tag-omicron"],"yoast_head":"\nCum a fost descoperit\u0103 varianta \u201eOmicron\u201d de oamenii de \u0219tiin\u021b\u0103 din Africa de Sud - BTV<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.btv.md\/ro\/amp\/cum-a-fost-descoperita-varianta-omicron-de-oamenii-de-stiinta-din-africa-de-sud\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Cum a fost descoperit\u0103 varianta \u201eOmicron\u201d de oamenii de \u0219tiin\u021b\u0103 din Africa de Sud - BTV\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u00cen esen\u021b\u0103, lipsea o gen\u0103 din ceea ce ar fi reprezentat un profil normal al genomului virusului SARS-CoV-2. Testele RT-PCR nu au detectat una dintre \u021bintele cercetate, iar oamenii de \u0219tiin\u021b\u0103 \u0219i-au dat seama c\u0103 virusul care a generat pandemia de COVID-19 s-a schimbat, noteaz\u0103 CNN, transmite digi24.ro. 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